Philippine Defense Budget in 2025 as Explained

As the year 2024 coming on its end, so does the current year budgetary requirements, and with it comes a new year and a new round of budgetary obligations and contract fulfillments, with the Philippine government now enacts anew the 2025 iteration of the General Appropriations Act. 

Coming at is usual, the enthusiasm and full interest into delving more in discussing the defense budget itself goes stronger than ever, as the figures provided in the final version of the law sets the basis on which projects pushed by the Armed Forces of the Philippines for its Re-Horizoned 3 vision will probably get through for the year.

OVERVIEW

The 2025 General Appropriations Act funds all projects of the government for the said year.
This includes the ones under the Revised AFP Modernization Program.

On the morning of December 30, 2024, the day the Filipino people commemorate the execution of Dr. Jose P. Rizal in Luneta Park on what is now called Rizal Day, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr., officially signed the Republic Act 12116 or the 2025 General Appropriations Act into law, which comes after scrutiny and vetoing several of the line items deemed inappropriate or contrary to the country’s constitution, and ensuring that there will be no reenactment of the 2024 national budget in 2025.

It comes as a testament that the executive branch of the government ensures that the 2025 national budget goes smoothly, especially that several of the cabinet secretaries, together with the president, work through the 2024 Christmas season to ensure that the kinks of the bill will get ironed out before getting passed into law. Of course, this move will not be a guarantee, as there will probably be legal challenges that disputing the constitutionality of the law gets raised along the way.

Speaking of questionability, there are concerns that the budget intended for the Revised AFP Modernization Program gets reduced throughout its thorough review as accomplished by both chambers of congress (the House of Representatives and the Senate), although there are items discussed previously that might come as a helpful push for the Philippine military to fund its projects for the year 2025 and beyond in this writeup involving the plans and programs under Unprogrammed Appropriations.

Adding to this is that the reduction made by the legislative branch of the government for the 2025 allotments of the Revised AFP Modernization Program come as an addition to an already-reduced budgetary allotment originally proposed by the Department of National Defense or DND, amounting to around Php 245 Billion. 

This means that the initial presentation by the Department of Budget and Management for this allotment under the National Expenditure Program or NEP has reduced to a meager Php 75 Billion overall.

With the glance of this writeup for the 2025 General Appropriations Act for national defense purpose fully presented, the rest of this entry will cover much of the details encompassing the Philippine Defense Budget, particularly the ones that encompass the Revised AFP Modernization Program for both its dedicated item and the ones included in Unprogrammed Appropriations, along with the trends it has as compared to previous year allotments and data provided in various National Expenditure Programs presented.

AS PROVIDED IN THE NATIONAL EXPENDITURE PROGRAM FOR 2025

Revised AFP Modernization Program as provided under the 2025 National Expenditure Program.
Image Source.

At a glance, the National Expenditure Program is the budgetary plans and programs of the executive branch of the government - from the Office of the President down to the respective departments and units, along with the budgetary requirements of the Judiciary and Legislative branches of the government, presented before the national bicameral legislature for budget deliberation. From here, both the Senate and House of Representatives, having the power of the purse, will trim the budget further down.

On the 2025 National Expenditure Program presented before the congress for deliberation, the budget allotted for the Revised AFP Modernization Program as proposed comes at around Php 50 Billion, which is basically similar to the 2024 National Expenditure Program submitted before the bicameral legislative branch in 2023. This gets reduced further by Php 10 Billion into the Php 40 Billion that comprises the 2024 budget of the Revised AFP Modernization Program. 

As for the Unprogrammed Appropriations, the Revised AFP Modernization Program for the 2025 National Expenditure Program comes at around Php 25 Billion, whereby this comes nonexistent on the 2024 iteration of the National Expenditure Program presented to the congress in 2023. 

Of course, the differential amount of Php 10 Billion reduced from the original budget of the Revised AFP Modernization Program item proper has re-align into this portion, aiming to maintain the overall total amount presented.

Compared to the 2024 National Expenditure Program, the 2025 version has seen increased budgetary requirements for the Revised AFP Modernization Program, of which there comes a Php 25 Billion increase on the total budget allotted for the program, totaling at around Php 75 Billion. This means that there is at least a ⅓ increase in budgetary allotment for the needed acquisition of military equipment for enhanced firepower and logistical capability.

Moving on to the other parts of the 2025 defense budget based on the National Expenditure Program for the said year, the entire Department of National Defense has the overall presented budget of around Php 254,115,158,000.00, of which Php 124,946,421,000.00 of the allotment is for the Philippine Army, Php 49,800,229,000.00 for the Philippine Air Force, and Php 49,046,516,000.00 for the Philippine Navy. Funding for Personnel Services (PS) comprises the largest pie of the defense budget.

For context, Personnel Services or PS comprise the basic salary and benefits of each military personnel serving the Armed Forces of the Philippines and under sub-units of the Department of National Defense, with different personnel receiving larger salary and benefits as the rank they hold increases. 

Case in note, military personnel receive additional allowances and benefits that correspond to their line of work, such as with Hazard Pay. Civilian employees working in the AFP are also part of this budget.

As the initial presentation for the 2025 National Expenditure Program for the overall defense budget of the Philippine military for this fiscal period, giving a picture of what has presented for by the executive department for congressional deliberation, the following discussion will provide the finality of the national defense budget under the 2025 General Appropriations Act, with presented comparisons and other relevant details on how the budgetary trends increase or decrease to the final figures for utilization.

THE BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN NATIONAL DEFENSE BUDGET

Here is the programmed budget for the National Defense for the year 2025.
From the 2025 General Appropriations Act.

Before delving into the budgets of the Revised AFP Modernization Program under both the item of its name and the one under the Unprogrammed Appropriations, it is important to discuss the main budget that the Department of National Defense as a whole receives, as comparable to the budget it receives in the previous years. This is essential as the military hardware purchased under the AFP Modernization will get maintenance and workforce support through this main defense budgetary line.

Based on the data presented under the 2025 General Appropriations Act, the Department of National Defense’ overall budgetary allotments it will receive amounts to Php 271,924,071,000.00, which is higher than Php 238,356,544,000.00 it received in the 2024 General Appropriations Act. This means that it received an additional amount of Php 33,567,527,000.00 with all the Operating Expenditures from Personnel Services (PS) to Maintenance and Operating Expenses and Capital Outlay, receiving an increase.

Just like in 2024 and in the years preceding it, the significant chunk of the main national defense budget goes to the Personnel Services or PS amounting to Php 163,551,336,000.00, all of which will help provide salaries and added benefits for all personnel belonging to the Department of National Defense, including all military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. Take note that civilian personnel of agencies like the Office of Civil Defense also receive a portion from this budget.

As for the Maintenance and Other Operating Expenses or MOOE, the defense department receives an amount totalling to Php 79,392,899,000.00, of which the significant chunk expectedly went to the Armed Forces of the Philippines, amounting to Php 79,535,138,000.00. 

This amount is necessary for the Armed Forces to operate and maintain its military facilities, and also to ensure that the military hardware it purchased under the modernization will prolong its service within the military.

Finally, the defense department received a Capital Outlay budget amounting to Php 28,979,836,000.00, of which the Armed Forces of the Philippines received a budget of around Php 25,498,726,000.00. 

This is useful in purchasing items that can sustain through this source, usually being small items involving firearms, regular service vehicles, and additional facilities on an existing military outpost or base. This goes differently on the line-up projects slated under the Revised AFP Modernization Program.

THE REVISED AFP MODERNIZATION PROGRAM BUDGET

Since the release of the Republic Act 12009 or the New Government Procurement Act, the provision that exempts the Revised AFP Modernization Program from the Republic Act 9184 has disappeared.

For the year 2025, the budget allotted for the Revised AFP Modernization Program amounts to around Php 35,000,000,000.00, which is lesser than the one allotted under the 2024 General Appropriations Act, which amounted to Php 40,000,000,000.00.

This means that there is a reduction of around Php 5,000,000,000.00 from the previous budget, and around Php 15,000,000,000.00 from the 2025 National Expenditure Program budget of around Php 50,000,000,000.00.

This means that the previous budget deliberations for the Revised AFP Modernization Program comes with a concerning moot point, whereby it initially comes as a ‘initially disappointing turn of events’ when this first report of a budgetary reduction came in December 2024. 

It is concerning that the Armed Forces of the Philippines still have various acquisition projects rolling under the Multi-Year Contracting Authority or MYCA scheme, reducing much of the prospects for new acquisition projects for the year.

Case in note, the Armed Forces of the Philippines still finances a portion of both the Philippine Navy’s Corvette Acquisition Project (Miguel Malvar-class frigates) and the Offshore Patrol Vessel Acquisition Project under this budgetary item, along with other ongoing projects belonging to other military service branch such as the Long Range Patrol Aircraft Acquisition Project, additional S-70i Black Hawk Combat Utility Helicopters, and the C-130J-30 Cargo Aircraft of the Philippine Air Force.

One thing to point in the budget is the removal of the special provision that was in place in the 2024 General Appropriations Act, specifically pointing to the item’s exemption from the regular rules and regulations stipulated in the Republic Act 9184 or the 2003 Government Procurement Reform Act. This came as the government already passed and enacted the New Government Procurement Act or the Republic Act 12009 into law, providing such special provisions pertaining to purchasing military hardware.

This means that acquisition projects from the year 2025 onwards now have the additional options to get materialized into various means of procurement through the enactment of the law, ensuring that the budget allotments for the 2025 General Appropriations Act for the Revised AFP Modernization Program gets fully used up. 

It will provide additional justification for the need of an additional allotment in the succeeding years, as the entire Armed Forces of the Philippines require an additional budget for its Re-Horizoned 3 plans.

Ultimately, this will give the Philippine military and the larger scope that encompasses the defense establishment to provide initiatives into pushing the creative financing schemes that the government is pushing for the purchase of much-needed military hardware that the country needs for its national defense, specifically under the Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept or CADC. The schemes provided include securing soft loan options from countries and defense entities for securing the hardware AFP needs.

While the budget provided to the Revised AFP Modernization Program itself is indeed underwhelming compared to the one provided in the previous year's budget, the discussion will come as a misleading perception if the topic will only encompass this one portion of the defense budget itself. 

The next portion will talk about the final piece that will complete the total allotment provided by the national government to the Revised AFP Modernization Program itself for the year 2025.

THE LINE ITEM UNDER UNPROGRAMMED APPROPRIATIONS

There is at least the Php 40 Billion budget from the Unprogrammed Appropriations for the Revised AFP Modernization Program, totalling Php 75 Billion for the 2025 Budget.

To complete the Php 75 Billion budget allotments that the Revised AFP Modernization Program received for the year 2025 under the General Appropriations Act for the said year, the allotments lined under the Unprogrammed Appropriations amounts to around Php 40,000,000,000.00 (Php 40 Billion), which is higher than the Php 10,000,000,000.00 (Php 10 Billion) budget allotment provided under this line item under the 2024 General Appropriations Act.

This means that there is at around Php 30,000,000,000.00 (Php 30 Billion) difference on the budgetary trend between the 2025 and 2024 annual budget for the Revised AFP Modernization Program under Unprogrammed Appropriations. 

The decrease of allotment on the programmed Revised AFP Modernization Program budget and an overall increase of the budget for funding military acquisition projects come with an advantage and disadvantage in terms of how projects will go through the fiscal year.

In this explainer provided by GMA News after President Marcos slashed most of the programs lined under this cluster (seen on the screenshot above), items under Unprogrammed Appropriations are ones that can only push through if the government’s revenue collection (basically the main job of the Bureau of Internal Revenue for taxation and Bureau of Customs for tariffs), exceeds the revenue targets set by the government through the agencies, or when foreign loans and additional grants have provided.

It means that the project line items for the Revised AFP Modernization Program under the Unprogrammed Appropriations have the uncertainty of not pushing through, with excess revenue collection of the government serving as the lifeline for most of the projects of the government to push through. 

As discussed previously, the Department of National Defense presented respective acquisition projects under unprogrammed appropriations during its budget deliberation in the House of Representatives.

Some of the acquisition projects presented have recently become priority projects of the Armed Forces of the Philippines to push through in the year 2025, as there are several projects that are under Multi-Year Contracting Authority or ‘MYCA’ scheme likely set into completion in this said fiscal year. 

Completion of projects such as the purchase of Guarani 6x6 Armored Personnel Carriers for the Philippine Army will relieve financial strain for several of the lined projects to push through.

PRIORITY ACQUISITION PROJECTS

Additional squadron of FA-50s and additional frigates are both part of the priority projects slated in 2025.

As the enactment of the Republic Act 12116 provided a full scope for the Philippine Defense Budget, specifically the one encompassing the Revised AFP Modernization Program, the Department of National Defense provided clear reference on which acquisition projects will get the utmost priority in funding for 2025. 

This preference goes in line with the department’s Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept or CADC, gearing the Philippine military into territorial defense posture as its primary focus.

The set of acquisition projects for 2025 received thorough and clear discussions during the budget deliberation of the Department of National Defense in the House of Representatives, with several of those projects already eyed by every service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines years prior. 

Several of the projects mentioned encompass the follow-up orders of existing military hardware already serving the Philippine military, showing satisfaction with the ones already purchased.

Among those projects that might go as a priority in 2025 is the purchase of additional FA-50PH for the Philippine Air Force, whereby the addition of at least 12 units or a squadron more of the South Korean-developed and produced aircraft might help increase the badly needed capabilities of the service branch. 

This is important, especially that flight hours and airframe stress have inflicted on the existing squadron of FA-50s that the Philippine Air Force currently maintains, that an additional will relieve that stress.

Another project sought after as priority in 2025 is the second iteration of the Frigate Acquisition Project, of which this will come as a full complement and will no longer have any Fitted For But Now With (FFBNW) provisions in its subsystems acquisition and integration. This means that the Philippine Navy will get the full package that comes with the ships, and might likely come as an improvement over existing warship types that the fleet currently has, including the upcoming Miguel Malvar-class frigates.

Aside from the said key priority programs, the other projects that might likely come with the year is the potential acquisition of additional Self-Propelled Howitzer System like the ATMOS 2000 from Elbit Systems Limited, and additional Ground-based Air Defense Systems like the SPYDER-MR air defense systems that the Philippine Air Force currently have in its inventory. All of which have the aim to improve the country’s territorial defense posture against foreign adversaries that might pose a threat to national sovereignty.

The priority projects presented come as an effort of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Department of National Defense to advance and improve its overall capabilities that the country aims to have, particularly with the uncertainties that are now brewing in terms of overall security and stability in the region. 

From this point on, it will not be that surprising that both the projects lined up will get the utmost priority, especially with the ones relating to both the Philippine Navy and the Philippine Air Force.

With the full presentation of the entire defense budget and the Department of National Defense aim to provide further support for the Armed Forces of the Philippines’ Modernization Program, what remains is for fulfilling the projects lined up in 2025, particularly to the ones slated under the Unprogrammed Appropriations of the fiscal year budget. Once the additional revenue collection of the government gets fulfilled, so does the materialization of projects provided under this uncertainty of a budgetary item.

ENDING NOTE

A relief will come to minimize operational stress on the existing FA-50 aircraft of the Philippine Air Force.
Image from John Chua.

Based on historical trends, the defense budget for the year 2025 is the highest ever provided to the Armed Forces of the Philippines, particularly to the ongoing Revised AFP Modernization Program. 

This is very important, as the modernization is now embarking on the Third and ultimate step that really counts as the most ambitious one to-date. Coined as the Re-Horizon 3 phase of the program, the Executive Branch provided at least US$35 Billion or Php 1 Trillion package to improve the country’s military capability.

It is also the first time that the figures for the Unprogrammed Appropriations surpassed those of the Programmed Appropriations of the Revised AFP Modernization Program, presenting a bit concerning a picture of how big-ticket military purchases will go as there are still ongoing acquisition projects that taps this budget as part of their contract. However, not everything is gloomy from this point of view, as there is still some good news regarding several projects that the Armed Forces of the Philippines are pushing.

The projects that the Armed Forces of the Philippines are actively pushing for its modernization efforts stress much in improving its territorial defense capabilities, itself a far cry to its counterinsurgency-centric mentality and focus that defines its 2000s-era mandate. While minor skirmishes still take place at this level of responsibility for the Philippine Military, the weakening of local terror and bandit groups, coupled with an ever-increasing threat in the country’s waters, clearly shifts that priority.

As the months pass by through the year 2025, there will probably be new developments and projects that will add up to the interesting discussion pool that comes as usual across the defense fora, while witnessing the expansion of the firepower capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines that added updates and military hardware in consideration gets discussed. From that point on, this website will provide the additional context and information that results in an excellent knowledge-sharing environment.

At this ending note comes that the year 2024 and all the good and the bad that came with it are now at its end. And as the year 2025 comes in, so do the new challenges, opportunities, obstacles, and scenarios that will define or break the country’s resolve not only for its preservation of national sovereignty and integrity but also in ensuring that it will be self-reliant on its defense posture in the long run. 

It is a long way to go, for sure, but with the pace of development, the Philippine Military surely does successfully make it this far.

To access the documents, here are the following links below.

1. GAA 2025 - Department of National Defense Budget, under Volume I-A, Chapter XX (archived).

2. GAA 2025 - Revised AFP Modernization Program Budget, under Volume I-B, Chapter XLII (archived).

3. GAA 2025 Unprogrammed Appropriations, under Volume I-B, Chapter XLIII (archived).

(c) 2025 PDA.

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Dassault Rafale Fighter Jet for the Philippine Air Force?

The Philippine Air Force's multi-role fighter jet acquisition program recently has undertaken multiple tweaks and updates, whereby it enabled other aerospace companies to join the fray into securing the contract that now calls for at least forty (40) units of such fighter aircraft for this service branch's air defense requirements. 

With more competition now on its way, so does the detail discussion of the new entrant that provides additional gauging against the already established ones in this project, particularly in the capabilities point of view and other areas of consideration.

AS REPORTED IN A FRENCH OUTLET

A Dassault Rafale F4 of the Greek Air Force, seen taxiing. The French aerospace company now expresses interest to take part in the Philippine Air Force's Multi-role Fighter Jet Acquisition Project.
(c) Alessandro Magia, Jet Photos.

An air force aspires to enforce its mandate by having a robust air defense system that effectively provides additional protection of the airspace or an Air Defense Identification Zone or ADIZ over the country's sovereign domain. 

This usually comes with a layered air defense solution, ranging from air surveillance radars to ground based air defense systems or GBADs, and also includes the very essential component of the service branch's operations, dwelling to the capabilities of its fighter aircraft in service.

The Philippine Air Force aspires just as that, aspiring, planning, and pushing into the purchase of its own multi-role fighter jet aircraft, of which upon entering active service will come as a crucial platform needed in intercepting, escorting, and shutting down intruding aircraft, while doubles as a close air support platform that can destroy targets, both at land and at sea. And with this aim already came with its own set of discussions, particularly to the first two platforms before the entry of this new aircraft candidate.

Through the years since the Revised AFP Modernization Program Law or the Republic Act 10349, the Philippine Air Force has initially pushed for at least twelve (12) aircraft, with aerospace companies such as Lockheed Martin from the United States and SAAB from Sweden competing against each other, presenting their offers as the F-16 Block 70/72 Viper and the JAS-39 Gripen C/D, respectively. The latter has since then upgraded its offer into the JAS-39 Gripen E/F variant.

Then the news came regarding the Department of National Defense's request for the multi-role fighter jet acquisition project of the Philippine Air Force where, aside from being in the priority list, has now increased the number of units from the initial twelve (12) or a squadron of aircraft to forty (40) units or equivalent to three (3) squadrons plus four (4) multirole fighter jets.  This has caught the attention of other aerospace companies that have now pitching their respective offers to the project.

Here comes a French news outlet Avions Legendaires, reporting Dassault Aviation's interest in marketing its Rafale F4 multirole fighter aircraft to the Philippine Air Force's own MRF acquisition program, along with others such as the Eurofighter Typhoon EF-2000 tranche 4 aircraft. 

This is an interesting tidbit, especially that Korea Aerospace Industries or KAI have also pitched in for this project as they market their recently developed KF-21 Boramae fighter aircraft into the program.

The entry of additional competitors basically makes the Philippine Air Force multi-role fighter jet acquisition program being more competitive than ever, although deep information gathered from previous years up to present still has the preference to both the F-16 Block 70/72 Viper and JAS-39 Gripen E/F variants. Still, the entry of the French military aerospace manufacturer itself is a welcoming development, worthy of a discussion of its own, which will be the primary topic of this entry.

While the French outlet covers both the Rafale F4 and the Eurofighter Typhoon EF-2000 Tranche 4 multirole fighter jets, this discussion will deal with the first aforementioned aircraft, of which the usual details will delve into, with the manner that is typically covered here in Pitz Defense Analysis. 

The information will cover the history of the French aerospace manufacturer, development of the aircraft design, specification of the fighter jet, operators of the aircraft, and comparison among candidates.

KNOWING DASSAULT AVIATION

Dassault Aviation's three key products - the Dassault Falcon civilian aircraft, the Rafale F4, and the nEUROn unmanned aerial systems drone.
From Dassault website.

Primarily, the discussions that cover the ongoing developments in the Philippine Air Force’s Multi-role Fighter Jet Acquisition Project only delves with aerospace manufacturers that are familiar among Filipino defense enthusiasts that monitor this development for quite some time now. 

Usually, it is between the United States-based military industrial complex named Lockheed Martin and Sweden’s SAAB, with the likes of Korea Aerospace Industries or KAI now included in the mix.

And here comes this French aerospace manufacturer, which is basically a new entrant into this expanded acquisition project that the Philippine Air Force now pushes, promoting a fighter aircraft that is more capable, yet being more expensive compared to its other European contemporaries such as the Eurofighter Typhoon. 

Entering the scene is Dassault Aviation, the French aerospace manufacturer that produces not only the Rafale F4 currently offered to the Philippines but also the old ones like the Mirage fighters.

The French aerospace company’s history traces back in 1916, when an aeronautics engineer named Marcel Bloch first developed a new series of aircraft for the French military, which found itself embroiled in a conflict against the Axis Powers of both Germany and the Austro-Hungarian empire in the First World War. His name became a legend in French aeronautical history when he designed and developed the first French-made aircraft propeller named “Eclair”.

Although the French aviation industry traces back to the First World War, it was at the end of the Second World War that the reorganization that sees semblance to the modern-day Dassault Aviation took place. This started when the Marcel Bloch company reorganized into the Marcel Dassault company in 1947, whereby it was through this period that the French aerospace company started producing the iconic Mirage family of fighter aircraft that was the mainstay combatant of the French Air Force.

It was also from this period that the Dassault company started developing the Mystère 20, commonly known as the Dassault Falcon 20 civilian aircraft that is still in operation by several users across the globe, such as the Belgian Air Force and the French Air Force.

This type of aircraft helped the French aerospace company to expand its business to the civilian market, improving their financial prospects aside from relying fully on the military market and the orders provided by various governments for its fighter jets.

Currently, Dassault Aviation’s business model encompasses beyond producing military aircraft such as the Rafale F4 that it currently offers to the Philippine Air Force, but also in the market of selling civilian aircraft such as the Dassault Falcon family of private jet aircraft, and also developing spacecraft concepts such as the IXV (Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle) and the VEHRA (VéHicule Hypersonique RéUtilisable AéRoporté) Family that firms such as the European Space Industry or ESA may consider.

Now, with Dassault Aviation's long history of developing fighter aircraft for France, its home country, and the successful export such as the Dassault Mirage family of aircraft to other countries such as India and Taiwan, their offer of Rafale F4 for the Philippine Air Force is a capable platform that came from the fruits of aerospace design and production experience, and the next portion of this topic will now delve into the development history of the aircraft.

AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT

The Dassault Rafale F4 is France's recently developed fighter aircraft.
Image Source.

The success of Dassault Rafale F4 in its design and usage will get delve deeper, particularly on the history of its development and deployment, along with the attributes that enabled this French-made fighter aircraft to be one the most capable combat aircraft available aside from other European and US-made fighter aircraft that countries like India and Indonesia being sought after. This comes as its capabilities have presented as one advantage for its bid for the Philippine Air Force’s Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition.

Speaking of the Dassault Rafale F4, it simply count as the recent and the latest iteration of the fighter jet that belongs Dassault Rafale family tracing back to the F1 variant, as this standard started full development in 2019 when the French Armed Forces has signed a 2 Billion Euro contract with Dassault Aviation. Multiple upgrades incorporated with this recent variant of the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft, with its details discussed in the latter part of this article.

Development of the Dassault Rafale traces back to the Cold War era, one of which shares history with the European fighter aircraft contemporary, the Eurofighter Typhoon fighter jet operated by countries like Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Spain. 

The highlighted change from this part of historical development is that France left the consortium that jointly developed the European fighter aircraft concept, resulting in the latter having its own type of fighter sharing design cues with the consortium.

The development history that made the Dassault Rafale the capable French-made fighter aircraft it is today goes back in the 1970s, when the French Air Force and the French Navy (as being the other country that has a nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, which is the Charles de Gaulle), both need a multirole fighter jet capable of taking complex and handling stresses of French mission requirements, especially from carrier landing and takeoff operations.

To take note, Dassault Aviation already has an impressive experience in developing and producing fighter aircraft during that period, especially with the success and exemplary performance brought by the Dassault Mirage 2000 multirole fighter aircraft that countries such as the United Arab Emirates, India, Peru, Taiwan, Greece, and Egypt all opt in into having its fighter in their respective air force. Such fighters, in unspecified numbers, are now on their way to Ukraine for war support at the time of this writing.

While the Dassault Rafale multirole fighter aircraft successfully took its maiden flight in 1986, it took the French more than a decade until it entered active service within the French Armed Forces, first within the French Navy in 2004, and eventually in the French Air Force in 2006. 

Since then, it became the mainstay fighter combat aircraft of the French Armed Forces, and is now garnering successful sales orders from countries such as India, Indonesia, and Greece.

Speaking of successful sales orders, the next portion of this topic will cover how the aforementioned countries have put the Dassault Rafale into consideration, in which these countries ended up getting the French-made aircraft, basically adding up to the number of prospective users of the Rafale to-date. 

Adding also to this portion is regarding the process and deliveries taken by the said countries for this fighter aircraft, providing enhanced air defense system capabilities for their respective national airspace.

CURRENT USERS AND BOOKED ORDERS

India bought several Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft units from France for its air force requirements.
Image Source.

During the time this article gets published, there are countries that the French aerospace company is actively catering to, producing multiple units of the newest variant of the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft and delivering the same platforms to the recipient air forces that book orders for their respective air defense capabilities. In the Indo-Pacific region alone, there are countries that are buying the aircraft by bulk, augmenting the platforms currently existing on their inventory squadrons of aircraft.

The countries discussed here refer to India and the neighboring Indonesia, both of which booked orders to Dassault for the production and delivery of the Rafale F4 for their respective air defense requirements. As for India’s case, it also aims to get the Dassault Rafale M fighter aircraft to satisfy the Indian Navy requirements, especially that it intends to get deployed into the Indian aircraft carrier, the INS Vikrant. Getting the Rafale for both the Indian Air Force and Navy makes it one of Dassault’s important customers.

For the neighboring country of Indonesia, the Indonesian Air Force (Tentara Nasional Indonesia - Angkatan Udara or TNI-AU) has successfully purchased at least forty-two (42) Rafale F4 multirole fighter aircraft for their air defense requirements, of which this sale replaced the supposed acquisition of additional Sukhoi Su-35 from Russia. Of course, the original deal did not push through, given the potential of seriously threatening sanctions imposed at the onset of the Russo-Ukrainian conflict.

This means that Indonesia will probably receive the first deliveries of the Dassault Rafale F4 multirole fighter aircraft into the country by 2026, further improving their air defense capabilities aside from already maintaining a fleet of F-16 fighter jets from the United States and a handful of Sukhoi Su-27s and Su-30s that have currently serving the Indonesian military service branch. The deliveries will render the country as Dassault’s first customer of the Rafale F4 fighter jet in Southeast Asia.

Outside the Indo-Pacific region, the European country of Greece also sees the potential capability of the Dassault Rafale F4 fighter aircraft that their air force has plans to purchase at least ten (10) more French-made fighter aircraft on its squadron, aimed to replace the other aging aircraft serving the Hellenic air service branch’s F4 Phantom, Mirage 2000, and several of its F-16 fighter aircraft. This is on top of the six (6) brand new units of the Rafale F4 fighter purchased by the Mediterranean country.

Other countries like Egypt also purchased and currently operate the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft, although the version that their air force maintains is both the single-seat Rafale-EM multirole fighter aircraft and its double-seater version, which is the Dassault Rafale DM variant. This makes Egypt the current and only African country that operates and maintains the French-made fighter aircraft, giving needed air defense capabilities for its own requirements.

Overall, there are several countries other than France that aim to purchase, operate, and maintain the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft, which improves the sale prospects and market reach of the French aerospace manufacturer in the global military and aerospace marketplace. 

Its participation in the Philippine Air Force’s multirole fighter jet acquisition project comes as part of that strategy that will enable Dassault Aviation to further cement its market share in the Indo-Pacific region other than India and Indonesia.

SPECIFICATIONS

This is the French-made fighter aircraft's specifications overview. Capabilities vary per variant.
Image Source.

In this part of the discussion, the details will delve primarily on the capabilities that a Dassault Rafale multirole fighter aircraft possess, especially upon determining its detailed specifications on its size dimensions, weapons load-out, and the performance that this aircraft possess that will define its chances of success in a combat. Take note that the specifications of a multirole fighter jet can vary on different variants of the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft produced since its development and introduction.

The specification presented above encompasses the Dassault Rafale C fighter aircraft variant, of which this refers to the land-based, single seater version of the French aerospace fighter aircraft product. 

This variant is the one that is more commonly operated by different countries’ air forces like the ones aforementioned, with the Rafale M variant having an aircraft carrier oriented capabilities and designs suitable for operations involving short takeoffs and landings, plus the conditions at sea.

Not mentioned in the infographic provided above are the basic dimensions of the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft, whereby basing from the official information provided by the Dassault Aviation on their website, comes with a wingspan of 10.90 meters, length of the aircraft from the nose tip to the tail at around 15.30 meters, and the aircraft’s height up to the tip of its tail fin at around 5.30 meters. The fuselage, including the engines fitted onboard, gives an overall empty weight of the aircraft at around ten (10) tons.

Going further into its weight, of which aside from the aforementioned overall empty weight, the Dassault Rafale has a maximum take-off weight or MTOW at 24.5 tons or 54,000lbs, of which it means it can fit with at least 14.5 tons of both munitions and fuel stored onboard its fuel tanks, itself has a fuel capacity at around 4.7 tons (10,300lbs) internal or within the aircraft, and around 6.7 tons (14,700lbs) on its external fuel tanks for expanded range. This leaves an external load for munitions at around 9.5 tons.

Another factor to check aside from the aircraft’s size and weight is its performance, specifically by the power output provided by its engines. Being a dual-engine multirole fighter aircraft, the Dassault Rafale has the maximum thrust of 2x 7.5 tons, limit load factors that range from -3.2G to +9G, maximum speed of Mach 1.8 or 750 knots, approach speed of less than 120 knots, landing ground run of 450 meters or 1,500 feet without drag-chute deployment, and a maximum service ceiling of 50,000 feet.

Speaking of its engines, the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft currently comes with the M88 new generation turbofan engine, specifically the latest version of this engine that likely comes with the Rafale F4 fighter aircraft, which is the M88-4E version. 

Having rated at the force of 10,971 lbs dry and 16,620lbs with afterburner, the M88 turbofan engine provides the needed performance boost that the Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft comes with that its prospective customers sought after for their air defense use.

As its dimensions and capabilities as presented in its fullest, the next part of this discussion will delve primarily on providing a detailed comparison of the French-made aircraft to other candidates that are currently taking part in the Philippine Air Force's Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project, especially against the candidates that have currently the edge or previously preferred by decision makers through its paces, such as the F-16 Viper, JAS-39 Gripen E variant, and the KF-21 Boramae.

COMPARISON

A comprehensive comparison of the Dassault Rafale compared to the two primary candidates for the MRF project of the Philippine Air Force.
Image Reference for the two other aircraft here.

Given the specifications provided for the Dassault Rafale F4’s capabilities, there really is a clear indicator that the French-made fighter aircraft comes at a capability that is far better than the current contemporaries that is taking part in the Philippine Air Force’s Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project. 

At the time of publishing this article, the air service branch of the Armed Forces of the Philippines had the candidate’s list shortened to likely platforms - the JAS-39 Gripen E/F variant, F-16 Block 70/72 Viper, and the KF-21 Boramae.

Apparently, the better comparison for the showcased capabilities of the Dassault Rafale multirole fighter aircraft is between it and the advanced fighter aircraft that Lockheed Martin currently markets on advanced economies of like-minded countries on the planet, which is the F-35 Lightning II stealth multirole fighter jet. 

Capability-wise, the French-made fighter aircraft presented advantages in its speed and maneuverability, while the F-35 is at an advantage with its reduced radar cross section or RCS.

Provided in a comparison chart provided above, the Dassault Rafale has at least fourteen (14) hard points, of which five (5) are utilizable for external fuel tanks for an expanded range of the aircraft. 

This made the Dassault Rafale more capable in its carrying capacity as compared to the other contemporaries that are candidates of the Philippine Air Force’s Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project, namely Lockheed Martin’s F-16 Block 70/72 Viper, and the SAAB JAS-39 Gripen E/F variant.

There are subcomponents that are compatible with the current and prospect wares that the Armed Forces of the Philippines at large will get eventually, and there are others that are likely adding logistical chains with what the organization has presently. One highlighted compatibility is with the MBDA MICA air-to-air missiles that came with the Dassault Rafale multirole fighter jet, as the Philippine Navy is likely getting the naval variant for the upcoming Miguel Malvar-class frigates.

And there are the differences that might complicate logistics chain, as engines like the Twin Snecma M88-4E are not common with the Philippine Air Force, which uses US-made jet engines on the FA-50s, and are also coming with its competitors such as the SAAB JAS-39 Gripen E/F variant and the Lockheed Martin F-16 Block 70/72 Viper. This is aside from the fact that the Dassault Rafale usually comes with the R.550 Magic II air-to-air missile, and not the US-made contemporaries such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder.

Given the information provided on the table above, of which the details originated from both the Dassault Aviation website and the information provided by the Hellenic Air Force, the Rafale that the French Aviations company is offering to the Philippine Air Force, while capable compared to its competitors in terms of engine thrust and hard points, does not have the logistical advantages. 

This is really clear, especially that the Philippine military conducts joint exercises with the United States military, with munitions commonality being a plus.

The data presented come as an important parameter for the Philippine Air Force to consider in choosing their preferable multirole fighter aircraft that serve as the frontline platform in defending the Philippine Air Defense Identification Zone or PADIZ, in tandem with the air surveillance radars that the service branch such as the J/FPS-3ME from Mitsubishi Electric, and ground-based air defense systems such as the Rafael Spyder GBADS, of which the third battery has delivered recently.

TO SURMISE IT UP

Two (2) Dassault Rafale fighters flying on the sunrise.
Image Source.

The Philippine Air Force is now getting closer to the finalization of the Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project, of which the push into getting the desirable number of at least forty (40) fighter aircraft has now received attention from other aerospace companies, of which it is now pitching their respective offers, hoping that the Philippine Air Force considers their offer and eventually getting that portion of the Southeast Asian defense and aerospace market.

This development now encourages European aerospace companies like Dassault Aviation and the Eurofighter consortium to provide their respective offers that the Philippine Air Force might consider. 

It comes on top of what has already offered previously by prospective aerospace companies that have taken part on the Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project from the beginning, such as Lockheed Martin’s F-16 Block 70/72 Viper, and the SAAB JAS-39 Gripen, upgraded from the C/D variant to the latest E/F variant.

As it comes usually, the French aerospace company has presented its Rafale F4 multirole fighter jet to the Philippine Air Force to consider, of which it is currently operational with various air forces across the globe, of which on that list includes the country of India and Indonesia, which is the country’s immediate neighbor in Southeast Asia. Theoretically, a win in the Philippine aerospace defense market will cement Dassault Aviation’s foothold in the region for supplying aerospace defense equipment.

The Dassault Rafale presented its capability as it has fourteen (14) hard points, showcasing its significant carrying capacity for getting external fuel tanks and/or guided and unguided munitions onboard, adding the desirable range and firepower output depending on mission requirements and the usage of the French multirole fighter to satisfy the objectives presented at hand. True to the French defense industry, its munitions ecosystem goes limited into the likes of both the MBDA MICA and Meteor for air-to-air missiles, as well as the Exocet for its anti-ship munitions, all of which being French-developed munitions.

This limit serve as an obstacle for the French multirole fighter from the logistical standpoint, as the Philippine Air Force inventory primarily composed of AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles, along with munitions that might come up for the primary candidates, referring to the Lockheed Martin F-16 Block 70/72, SAAB JAS-39 Gripen E/F variant, and the newest entrant to in this development, the KF-21 Boramae from Korea Aerospace Industries or KAI.

With the Multirole Fighter Jet Acquisition Project of the Philippine Air Force being the utmost priority of the service branch at the implementations standpoint, the decision making comes closer to define the winning supplier for this acquisition program, whereby it will define the organization’s air defense aircraft composition in the upcoming years. This comes as the Department of National Defense now puts full time and resources into improving the territorial defense capabilities of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

Ultimately, each of the fighter jets presented for the Philippine Air Force’s largest and most ambitious acquisition project in the history of the Revised AFP Modernization Program has their respective advantages and disadvantages, all of which requires in-depth assessment that is in line with actual requirements of the air service branch’s mission objectives. In the end, the capabilities presented helps the entire Philippine Armed Forces to weigh in and maximize the value of the government resources.

(c) 2024 PDA.

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